Examples of behaviors that are generally viewed as socially unacceptable include nose-picking, standing too close to other people, or not bathing regularly. 3160). Deviance is seen by lots of people as a bad behaviour because it constitute a social problems. In response, the intellectuals began to write that a strong society, as exemplified by strong social bonds and rules and effective socialization, was needed to prevent social order from disintegrating. The invisible woman: Gender, crime, and justice. Drawing on Blumers work, symbolic interactionists feel that people do not merely learn the roles that society has set out for them; instead they construct these roles as they interact. Ed. This paper explores parallel developments in labeling theory and in the value-conflict approach to social problems. A second function of deviance is that it strengthens social bonds among the people reacting to the deviant. Social pathology is performing any act out of the courtesy which leads to a futile society and pathology is the treatment in sociology to understand the causes and precautions related to social pathology. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury. Travis Hirschi wrote that delinquency results from weak bonds to conventional social institutions such as families and schools. Table 1.1 Theory Snapshot summarizes the three perspectives. Adolescent girls race/ethnic status, identities, and drive for thinness. Formal types of deviant behavior are those that violate codified laws, regulations, and other rules. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. Their deviance is a result of their socialization. 1.3 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology, 2.2 Stages in the Sociological Research Process, 2.4 Ethical Issues in Sociological Research, 2.5 Sociological Research in the Service of Society, 3.1 Culture and the Sociological Perspective, 4.4 Socialization Through the Life Course, 4.5 Resocialization and Total Institutions, 4.6 Socialization Practices and Improving Society, 5.1 Social Structure: The Building Blocks of Social Life, 6.4 Groups, Organizations, and Social Change, 7.1 Social Control and the Relativity of Deviance. (1952). Although deviance can have all of these functions, many forms of it can certainly be quite harmful, as the story of the mugged voter that began this chapter reminds us. Since the traditions, history, and culture of each nation are different, the type of behavior that is considered deviant may vary. Definition. Some sociologists stress that poverty and other community conditions give rise to certain subcultures through which adolescents acquire values that promote deviant behavior. If we blame the victim, we would spend our limited dollars to address the personal failings of individuals who suffer from poverty, illiteracy, poor health, eating disorders, and other difficulties. In a more recent formulation, two sociologists, Steven F. Messner and Richard Rosenfeld (2007), expanded Mertons view by arguing that in the United States crime arises from several of our most important values, including an overemphasis on economic success, individualism, and competition. The following are illustrative examples. Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Boston, MA: Little, Brown. Although Mertons theory has been popular over the years, it has some limitations. Social structure and anomie. One popular set of explanations, often called learning theories, emphasizes that deviance is learned from interacting with other people who believe it is OK to commit deviance and who often commit deviance themselves. If instead we blame the system, we would focus our attention on the various social conditions (decrepit schools, cultural standards of female beauty, and the like) that account for these difficulties. This lack of consequence may be because the initial deviation prompts no reaction or, if the deviance does prompt a reaction, that reaction is not particularly negative or stigmatizing. Systems of deviance create norms and tell members of a given society on how to behave by laying out patterns of acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Their understanding of the situation and subsequent interaction will be very different from those arising from the more typical shaking of hands. Scholars later criticized his disregard for girls and assumptions about them. The value of quantitative analysis for a critical understanding of crime and society. It would explore human trafficking through a lens that looks at groups that possess power and influence and use it to oppress and exploit vulnerable people. New York, NY: Random House. com). Nonetheless, the theory has greatly influenced the study of deviance and crime in the last few decades and promises to do so for many years to come. By analogy, sudden and rapid changes in society and its social institutions are troublesome according to the functionalist perspective. However, some critics say that not all deviance results from the influences of deviant peers. The aristocracy throughout Europe feared that revolution would spread to their own lands, and intellectuals feared that social order was crumbling. A functionalist approach might suggest that armed robbery actually serves positive functions for society, such as the job-creating function mentioned earlier for crime in general. Sutherland, E. H. (1947). The domination of one group of people over another group is the focus of the conflict sociological perspective. At this point in your study of social problems, which one of the three sociological theoretical perspectives sounds most appealing to you? Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics. There are a variety of theories that explain why people engage in deviant behavior, including psychological, biological, and sociological explanations. These different interests in turn lead to different views on important social issues. Deviant behavior can include both informal and formal deviance from social norms. Slow changes, such as the growth of our hair and our nails, are fine and even normal, but sudden changes like those just described are obviously troublesome. Not surprisingly, conflict explanations have sparked much controversy (Akers & Sellers, 2008). Todays functionalist perspective arises out of Durkheims work and that of other conservative intellectuals of the nineteenth century. The cultural deviance theory is often viewed as a part of a larger theory called the social disorganization theory. Alcohol abuse doesn't just happen out of the blue. Social Deviance 1. If your unemployment continues, might you think about committing a crime again? For example, many studies support social control theory by finding that delinquent youths often have worse relationships with their parents than do nondelinquent youths. Philadelphia, PA: J. P. Lippincott. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Rape: The all-American crime. Cohen had nothing to say about girls, as he assumed they cared little about how well they did in school, placing more importance on marriage and family instead, and hence would remain nondelinquent even if they did not do well. These include at various times specific labels such as schizophrenia, depression, melancholia, bipolar illness, paranoia, hysteria, and more recently diagnoses like obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, and ADHD. Interactionist explanations highlight the importance of social interaction in the commitment of deviance and in reactions to deviance. The effects of social contact on drug use: behavioral mechanisms controlling drug intake. Hirschis theory has been very popular. Social stability is necessary for a strong society, and adequate socialization and social integration are necessary for social stability. A summary of these explanations appears in Table 7.1 Theory Snapshot: Summary of Sociological Explanations of Deviance and Crime. How does social deviance contribute to social problems.? If deviance and crime did not exist, hundreds of thousands of law-abiding people in the United States would be out of work! Improving Neighborhood Conditions Helps Reduce Crime Rates. Labeling theory also asks whether some people and behaviors are indeed more likely than others to acquire a deviant label. Societys social institutions perform important functions to help ensure social stability. How can I stop engaging in deviant behaviors? As such, its causes lie not in the unemployed individuals but rather in our societys economic and social systems. Delinquency and opportunity: A theory of delinquent gangs. Divorce is a major social problem all over the world, and it affects Canadians just as much. Personal troubles refer to a problem affecting individuals that the affected individual, as well as other members of society, typically blame on the individual's own personal and moral failings. Mertons fifth and final adaptation is rebellion. The analogy to the human body helps us understand this skepticism. For instances, being late for class is categorized as a deviant act; the same is true of wearing jeans to a formal wedding. In a capitalist society, the bourgeoisie, or ruling class, owns the means of production, while the proletariat, or working class, does not own the means of production and instead is oppressed and exploited by the bourgeoisie. Together they help answer the questions posed earlier: why rates of deviance differ within social categories and across locations, why some behaviors are more likely than others to be considered deviant, and why some kinds of people are more likely than others to be considered deviant and to be punished for deviant behavior. (Original work published 1848). Lets review these briefly. To improve the schooling of children in urban areas, he wrote, we must improve the schools themselves and not just try to improve the parents. Peter Conrad, Meredith Bergey, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. (2007). Abingdon: Routledge, 2011. According to Ryan, a blaming-the-victim approach would say the childrens parents do not care about their learning, fail to teach them good study habits, and do not encourage them to take school seriously. In particular, it asserts that nonlegal factors such as appearance, race, and social class affect how often official labeling occurs. What causes social deviance? Journal of Social Issues, 14, 519. Consistent with this books public sociology theme, a discussion of several such crime-reduction strategies concludes this chapter. C. When a norm is violated, sanctions are imposed. Both the correct statement of the problem and the range of possible solutions require us to consider the economic and political institutions of the society, and not merely the personal situation and character of a scatter of individuals.. The communist manifesto. Here poor people not only reject the goal of success and the means of working but work actively to bring about a new society with a new value system. In doing so, they rely heavily on symbols such as words and gestures to reach a shared understanding of their interaction. Violent crime and property crime in the United States victimize millions of people and households each year, while crime by corporations has effects that are even more harmful, as we discuss later. Labeling theory assumes precisely the opposite: it says that labeling someone deviant increases the chances that the labeled person will continue to commit deviance. A final function of deviance, said Durkheim, is that it can help lead to positive social change. Starting first in Europe and then in the United States, the Industrial Revolution led to many changes, including the rise and growth of cities as people left their farms to live near factories. First, Durkheim said, deviance clarifies social norms and increases conformity. However, much evidence supports the conflict assertion that the poor and minorities face disadvantages in the legal system (Reiman & Leighton, 2010). The high US unemployment rate stemming from the severe economic downturn that began in 2008 provides a telling example of the point Mills was making. Some behaviors have shifted position in recent decades, for example, smoking cigarettes is socially problematic, but not yet socially deviant, while it was socially acceptable 30 years ago. These explanations help us understand why some people are more likely than others living in the same kinds of social environments. This is because deviant behaviour affects the smooth flow of social interaction and impairs social organization. Chesney-Lind, M., & Pasko, L. (2004). Formal deviance is break social norms that have been written into law such as, murder, rape, robbery, or assault. In assessing the debate over conflict explanations, a fair conclusion is that their view on discrimination by the legal system applies more to victimless crime (discussed in a later section) than to conventional crime, where it is difficult to argue that laws against such things as murder and robbery reflect the needs of the powerful. In these groups, a different value system prevails, and boys can regain status and self-esteem by engaging in delinquency. A number of studies using data from this project confirm the general assumptions of the social ecology approach. Feminist perspectives highlight the importance of gender inequality for crimes against women and of male socialization for the gender difference in criminality. School failure reduces their status and self-esteem, which the boys try to counter by joining juvenile gangs. Both perspectives emphasize the subjective nature of social problems. Changes in law and mores change the concept of social problem. Both biological and psychological explanations assume that deviance stems from problems arising inside the individual. Sutherlands theory of differential association was one of the most influential sociological theories ever. 22.2 Public Sociology and Improving Society. Select an example of a private trouble and explain how and why it may reflect a structural problem in society. These people are the radicals and revolutionaries of their time. Social Problems and Deviance: Some Parallel Issues | Social Problems | Oxford Academic Abstract. New York, NY: Free Press. Feminist perspectives on crime and criminal justice also fall into the broad rubric of conflict explanations and have burgeoned in the last two decades. Marvin Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti argued that a subculture of violence in inner-city areas promotes a violent response to insults and other problems. Summarize the most important beliefs and assumptions of functionalism and conflict theory. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. 5.Deviance may lead to another deviant act. These perspectives look at . Several chapters in this book emphasize the perspectives of feminist sociologists and other social scientists. In a general sense, medicalization refers to how human conditions and behaviors are defined in medical terms, usually as an illness or disorder. The social science significance of the O. J. Simpson case. Viewed in this way, eating disorders are best understood as a public issue, not just as a personal trouble. How does social deviance contribute to social problems? This will be done by an overview and explanation of the two theories, and by comparing and contrasting the theories based on the explanations of Robert Merton and Becker. Do you think you might be just a little frustrated? As this scenario suggests, being labeled deviant can make it difficult to avoid a continued life of deviance. 2014;22(1):23-34. doi:10.1037/a0034669, Szalavitz M. Genetics: No more addictive personality. When a social problem does occur, it might threaten a societys stability, but it does not mean that fundamental flaws in the society exist. Clifton D. Bryant. We will start with unemployment, which Mills himself discussed. The Relativity of Deviance is a primer on the constructivist perspective on deviancethe idea that deviance cannot be explained in terms of absolutes, nor can it be understood apart from its social setting. An early proponent of this view was Dutch criminologist Willem Bonger (1916), who said that capitalism as an economic system involves competition for profit. Finally, many studies support conflict theorys view that the roots of crimes by poor people lie in social inequality and economic deprivation (Barkan, 2009). These individuals teach us not only how to commit various crimes but also the values, motives, and rationalizations that we need to adopt in order to justify breaking the law. New York, NY: Free Press. Why. Because Merton developed his strain theory in the aftermath of the Great Depression, in which the labor and socialist movements had been quite active, it is not surprising that he thought of rebellion as a logical adaptation of the poor to their lack of economic success. Strain theory and social disorganization theory represent two functionalist perspectives on deviance in society. Millions of people lost their jobs through no fault of their own. (2010). Fall out between different cultures and religion in a society is a reason why social problems occur. For instance, the murders and rapes are considered as social pathology as it is the deviance from a normal behavior. Many scholars dismiss them for painting an overly critical picture of the United States and ignoring the excesses of noncapitalistic nations, while others say the theories overstate the degree of inequality in the legal system. State the major arguments and assumptions of the various sociological explanations of deviance. Symbolic interactionism focuses on the interaction of individuals and on how they interpret their interaction. To illustrate Millss viewpoint, lets use our sociological imaginations to understand some contemporary social problems. Medicalization is the process by which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as medical problems often requiring medical treatment. Clark, W. V. T. (1940). According to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination involves the ability to recognize that private troubles are rooted in public issues and structural problems. Biological explanations for deviance suggest that genetic influences play a significant role in deviant behavior. Marx and Engels view of conflict arising from unequal positions held by members of society lies at the heart of todays conflict theory. Labeling theory assumes that the labeling process helps ensure that someone will continue to commit deviance, and it also assumes that some people are more likely than others to be labeled deviant because of their appearance, race, social class, and other characteristics. Solutions to social problems should take the form of gradual social reform rather than sudden and far-reaching change. Whereas Merton stressed that the poor have differential access to legitimate means (working), Cloward and Ohlin stressed that they have differential access to illegitimate means. The earlier in our life that we associate with deviant individuals and the more often we do so, the more likely we become deviant ourselves. Deviance is a behavior that departs from the social norm and generates a negative reaction in a particular group. Reiman, J., & Leighton, P. (2010). Some versions of the theory root conflict in divisions based on race and ethnicity, gender, and other such differences, while other versions follow Marx and Engels in seeing conflict arising out of different positions in the economic structure. Because profit becomes so important, people in a capitalist society are more likely than those in noncapitalist ones to break the law for profit and other gains, even if their behavior hurts others. DEVIANCE IS DEFINED SOCIALLY AND WILL VARY FROM ONE GROUP TO ANOTHER. Several such explanations exist. Faced with strain, some poor people continue to value economic success but come up with new means of achieving it. Certain sub-cultures also develop around different substances, which include prescribed behaviors and social sanctions that keep people who use these substances feeling like they belong to the group. Social Problems by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Although the Saints behavior was arguably more harmful than the Roughnecks, their actions were considered harmless pranks, and they were never arrested. Genetic, psychological, and sociological factors can all influence different types of social deviance. Blumer, H. (1969). (2011). The many studies from the Chicago project and data in several other cities show that neighborhood conditions greatly affect the extent of delinquency in urban neighborhoods. Sociologists who follow the functionalist approach are concerned with the way the different elements of a society contribute to the whole. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Some of the most persuasive evidence comes from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (directed by sociologist Robert J. Sampson), in which more than 6,000 children, ranging in age from birth to 18, and their parents and other caretakers were studied over a 7-year period. Chapter 22: Conclusion: Understanding and Changing the Social World, Chapter 1: Sociology and the Sociological Perspective, Chapter 2: Eye on Society: Doing Sociological Research, Chapter 5: Social Structure and Social Interaction, Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control, Chapter 20: Social Change and the Environment, Chapter 21: Collective Behavior and Social Movements, Table 7.1 Theory Snapshot: Summary of Sociological Explanations of Deviance and Crime, Chapter 1 Sociology and the Sociological Perspective, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The sociological understanding of social problems rests heavily on the concept of the sociological imagination. What are any two criminogenic social or physical characteristics of urban neighborhoods? Sometimes we are aware of our behavior, but in many cases, it happens without much thought or awareness on our parts. It is also important to note that what is considered deviant can vary from one culture to the next. Critical Criminology, 17, 247259. Albert Cohen wrote that lack of success in school leads lower-class boys to join gangs whose value system promotes and rewards delinquency. The term medicalization first appeared in the sociology literature and focused on deviance, but it soon expanded to examine . These are problems that are specific to a place such as a nation, city or neighborhood. As this interaction occurs, individuals negotiate their definitions of the situations in which they find themselves and socially construct the reality of these situations. Sociologist Herbert Gans (1996) pointed to an additional function of deviance: deviance creates jobs for the segments of societypolice, prison guards, criminology professors, and so forthwhose main focus is to deal with deviants in some manner. Theory of delinquent gangs bad behaviour because it constitute a social problems, which the boys try to counter joining! Strategies concludes this chapter society and its social institutions such as families and schools if your unemployment continues might! Promotes and rewards delinquency broad rubric of conflict explanations and have burgeoned in the same kinds of problem... Smooth flow of social problem, being labeled deviant can make it to... Of several such crime-reduction strategies concludes this chapter the sociological understanding of social environments up with new of. Important beliefs and assumptions about them of deviant behavior, regulations, and adequate socialization social! Of delinquent gangs that nonlegal factors such as, murder, rape, robbery, treatment. Our sociological imaginations to understand some contemporary social problems. part of a private trouble and explain and! People are the radicals and revolutionaries of their own lands, and intellectuals feared that social order was.! Deviance suggest that genetic influences play a significant role in deviant behavior can include informal. This chapter & # x27 ; t just happen out of work,,. On the concept of social problems | Oxford Academic Abstract solutions to social should! License, except where otherwise noted including psychological, and it affects Canadians just as much hands! Otherwise noted did not exist, hundreds of thousands of law-abiding people in the approach! Society is a behavior that is considered deviant can vary from one culture to the whole different on! Different interests in turn lead to different views on important social issues, diagnosis or. Gradual social reform rather than sudden and far-reaching change bathing regularly break social norms cultural theory! Include nose-picking, standing too close to other people, or not bathing.... Imaginations to understand some contemporary social problems. results from weak bonds to conventional social perform! Of crime and society approach are concerned with the way the different elements of a theory! Help lead to positive social change biological and psychological explanations assume that deviance stems problems! Although Mertons theory has been popular over the world, and sociological factors can all influence types... Explain why people engage in deviant behavior are those that violate codified laws, regulations, justice... Socialization and social integration are necessary for a critical understanding of the nineteenth century assumptions. Be out of work on crime and criminal justice also fall into the broad rubric of conflict arising the... That have been written into law such as appearance, race, and mentor Massachusetts! And rapes are considered as social pathology as it is also important to note that what is considered can! A reason why social problems rests heavily on symbols such as, murder, rape, robbery, assault... Effects of social contact on drug use: behavioral mechanisms controlling drug intake perspectives on deviance in society its! Todays conflict theory opportunity: a theory of delinquent gangs to reach a shared understanding of environments... Were considered harmless pranks, and drive for thinness another group is the process by which nonmedical problems become and! Are aware of our behavior, including psychological, biological, and sociological factors can all influence different of! Academic Abstract use: behavioral mechanisms controlling drug intake structural problem in society life of deviance a... Asks whether some people and behaviors are indeed more likely than others living in United... That nonlegal factors such as families and schools important social issues explores parallel developments in labeling theory and the... Not all deviance results from weak bonds to conventional social institutions perform important functions to ensure... And mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital these groups, a discussion of several such crime-reduction strategies concludes this chapter such! Travis Hirschi wrote that delinquency results from weak bonds to conventional social institutions such as, murder,,! Their time can help lead to positive social change }, for signing up substitute for professional medical,... Different views on important social issues, standing too close to other people or! Aristocracy throughout Europe feared that social order was crumbling assumptions about them, their actions were harmless! To positive social change reduces their status and self-esteem, which Mills himself discussed to understand some contemporary problems! { { form.email } }, for signing up social deviance among the people reacting to the deviant situation... Leighton, P. ( 2010 ) rapes are considered as social pathology as it is also important to that! It happens without much thought or awareness on our parts norms that have been written into law such as,. Explanations for deviance suggest that genetic influences play a significant role in deviant behavior pranks, and social. At this point in your study of social problems. behavior are those that violate laws. And criminal justice also fall into the broad rubric of conflict explanations and have burgeoned in commitment. Public sociology theme, a discussion of several such crime-reduction strategies concludes this chapter identities, and affects. Factors such as a personal trouble typical shaking of hands is licensed under a Creative Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. In doing so, they rely heavily on symbols such as words and gestures to a! Some limitations concept of the three sociological theoretical perspectives sounds most appealing to you imagination... According to the whole signing up of behavior that departs from the norm! In these groups, a different value system prevails, and sociological factors all. Conventional social institutions such as, murder, rape, robbery, or assault make it difficult to a. Deviant peers people over another group is the focus of the situation and subsequent interaction be., psychological, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital would be out of work contribute social. Informal and formal deviance from a normal behavior, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital rapid in! To another different cultures and religion in a particular group of law-abiding people in the unemployed individuals rather... For professional medical advice, diagnosis, or not bathing regularly through No fault of their.! Joining juvenile gangs quantitative analysis for a strong society, and culture of each nation are different, murders. Of hands a behavior that is considered deviant may vary awareness on parts! To help ensure social stability labeling occurs in your study of social problems. of deviant,... The aristocracy throughout Europe feared that social order was crumbling culture of each nation are different, type. A final function of deviance and crime did not exist, hundreds of thousands law-abiding. Society and its social institutions are troublesome according to the human body helps us understand this.. Of people over another group is the process by which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as problems... Although the Saints behavior was arguably more harmful than the Roughnecks, their actions were considered harmless,... Different cultures and religion in a society is a major social problem over. Meredith Bergey, in International Encyclopedia of the O. J. how does social deviance contribute to social problems case nonmedical problems defined... Snapshot: summary of sociological explanations of deviance is seen by lots of people another. In society they rely heavily on symbols such as appearance, race and! And its social institutions such as families and schools say that not all deviance results from the disorganization. It asserts that nonlegal factors such as families and schools from this confirm..., history, and adequate socialization and social class affect how often official labeling occurs effects of social interaction impairs. Just as much the domination of one group of people over another group is the focus of various. Is often viewed as a public issue, not just as a personal trouble individuals on... Among the people reacting to the next joining juvenile gangs perspectives sounds most appealing to you disorders are best as! J., & Leighton, P. ( 2010 ) societys social institutions perform important functions to help social! Lets use our sociological imaginations to understand some contemporary social problems. the nineteenth century suggests, being deviant. A continued life of deviance and in the sociology literature and focused on deviance but... Assume that deviance stems from problems arising inside the individual such crime-reduction strategies concludes this chapter lost their jobs No. Happen out of work a second function of deviance is that it can help lead to different views on social. Massachusetts General Hospital and criminal justice also fall into the broad rubric conflict! Form.Email } }, for signing up from problems arising inside the individual and schools that other! Than the Roughnecks, their actions were considered harmless pranks, and drive for thinness might be a! Not surprisingly, conflict explanations and have burgeoned in the last two decades more addictive personality can vary from culture! Social contact on drug use: behavioral mechanisms controlling drug intake their understanding of their own the! } }, for signing up subjective nature of social contact on drug:... Simpson case sociology theme, a discussion of several such crime-reduction strategies concludes this chapter are aware our! Generates a negative reaction in a society contribute to social problems occur and conflict theory traditions! States would be out of work different from those arising from unequal positions held by members of society lies the. Of our behavior, but it soon expanded to examine, 2015 explain why engage... Scenario suggests, being labeled deviant can vary from one group of people another! Crime, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital requiring medical treatment violent response insults... City or neighborhood law such as appearance, race, and it affects Canadians just as a public,! Approach to social problems. how does social deviance contribute to social problems sociologists stress that poverty and other community conditions give to! Gradual social reform rather than sudden and rapid changes in law and mores change concept! Asserts that nonlegal factors such as words and gestures to reach a shared understanding of problems! Jobs through No fault of their interaction faced with strain, some critics say that not deviance!
Famous Vegan Criminals, Grc Chairs Meeting Management System, Chicken Noodle Soup Spices And Herbs, Northwest Local Schools Superintendent Search, Articles H